【资料名称】：4G 学习资料

【资料作者】：xxoo

【资料日期】：2011-04-1

【资料语言】：中文

【资料格式】：DOC

【资料目录和简介】：

MohammadMohammad Abualreesh Abualreesh
Mohammad.Abualreesh@hut.fi Mohammad.Abualreesh@hut.fiOutline Outline
„ „ Introduction Introduction
„ „ Definition, motivation, new Definition, motivation, new… … in 4G in 4G
„ „ 3G vs. 4G 3G vs. 4G
„ „ Challenges & Needs Challenges & Needs
„ „ 4G networks4G networks (Models, features, air interface) (Models, features, air interface)
„ „ Industry Initiatives Industry Initiatives
„ „ Transmission Technology Transmission Technology
„ „ Conclusion Conclusion
„ „ References ReferencesEvolution Evolution
Figure 1 shows the evolution of wireless technologies.
„ First Generation (1G): 1G wireless mobile
communication systems, was introduced in the early
1980s. 1G wireless was analog and supported the first
generation of analog cell phones. They include a
signaling protocol known as SS7 (Signaling System 7).
„ Second Generation (2G): 2G systems, fielded in the
late 1980s, were intended primarily for voice
transmission and was all about digital PCS.Evolution Evolution
„ Third Generation (3G): 3G in wireless will be a
deliberate migration to faster, data-centric wireless
networks. The immediate goal is to raise transmission
speeds from 125kbps to 2M bit/sec.
„ Fourth Generation (4G): In reality, as of first half of
2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion
point to address future needs of a universal high speed
wireless network that will interface with wireline
backbone network seamlessly.Lessons from 3G Lessons from 3G
„ „ Customer demand was extremely uncertain Customer demand was extremely uncertain
„ „ Exploring andExploring and trialing trialing next generation applicationsnext generation applications
should be done upfront BEFORE the definition ofshould be done upfront BEFORE the definition of
the requirements for the system and the air interface the requirements for the system and the air interface
„ „ We need to start this activity NOW (2002 time ofWe need to start this activity NOW (2002 time of
writing this Motorola document) to get the 4Gwriting this Motorola document) to get the 4G
requirements by 2005! requirements by 2005!Lessons from 3G Lessons from 3G
„ „ The 3G story (for the financial community, the regulatoryThe 3G story (for the financial community, the regulatory
bodies, the end bodies, the end- -users users… …) and research was) and research was centered centered around aaround a
new, more capable, air interface. There was significant over new, more capable, air interface. There was significant over- -
expectations. expectations.
„ „ The 4G story should beThe 4G story should be centered centered around the user experience around the user experience
„ „ The 4G research should beThe 4G research should be centered centered around architecture and systemaround architecture and system
aspects that would support an effective, open, flexible integrat aspects that would support an effective, open, flexible integration ofion of
multiple technologies multiple technologies
„ „ Standards for 3GStandards for 3G where where elaborated elaborated inin « « verticalvertical monolithic monolithic » »
standard bodies. standard bodies.
„ „ 4G requirements, global architectureand protocols should be4G requirements, global architectureand protocols should be
coordinated at the highest level possible in acoordinated at the highest level possible in a “ “global 4G global 4G” ” standard body.standard body.
Specific element of the standard and or regional variations shou Specific element of the standard and or regional variations should be fullyld be fully
developed in multiple, ad developed in multiple, ad- -hoc, effectivehoc, effective “ “horizontal horizontal” ” standard bodies. standard bodies.Definition, motivation,Definition, motivation,
new new… … in 4G in 4GWhat is 4G What is 4G
„ 4G can be imagined as an integrated wireless
system that enables seamless roaming between
technologies.
„ A user can be operating in cellular technology
network and get handed over to a satellite-based
network and back to a fixed wireless network,
depending upon the network coverage and
preference of charging.Reasons to Have 4G Reasons to Have 4G
„ „ Support interactive multimedia services:Support interactive multimedia services:
teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.
„ „ Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
„ „ Global mobility and service portability.Global mobility and service portability.
„ „ Low cost.Low cost.
„ „ Scalability of mobile networks.Scalability of mobile networks. Major trend Major trend
„ One of the majortrends toward 4G is the great
heterogeneity of the deployed networks. Given
both investors’ requirements for capital
expenditure intensity and the technological
divergence of private and public networks, the
issues of service portability and interoperability
have become of primary importance.Global roaming Global roamingWhat's New in 4GWhat's New in 4G
„ „ Entirely packet Entirely packet- -switched networks.switched networks.
„ „ All network elements are digital.All network elements are digital.
„ „ Higher bandwidths to provide multimediaHigher bandwidths to provide multimedia
services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).
„ „ Tight network security. Tight network security.POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF
4G
„ Virtual Presence:
„ 4G system gives mobile users a "virtual presence" -- for example, always-on
connections to keep people on event.
„ Virtual navigation:
„ A remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and
physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are
transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle.
„ Tele-medicine
„ 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients.
„ Tele-geoprocessing
„ Queries dependent on location information of several users, in addition to
temporal aspects have many applications.
„ Crisis-management applications
„ EducationMai 15, 200215 A 4G vision
kbps
Increasing Total Value
Where is value for next generation?
3G 2.5G 2G
9.6 32 64 128 144 384 2,000
Video Streaming
Voice
Audio Streaming
MMS E-mail
Mobile Radio
Mobile Video Conferencing
E-Commerce
Video On Demand
3.5G 4G
Shared Environments
Unchanged value chain & business models
POC (Plain Old Cellular) Increasing scope of use and
applications opportunities
Cellular / WLAN/Broadcast
• Telecom / Broadcast
convergence
• True Anything, Anywhere,
Anytime experience
Cellular / WLAN
• Wireless / Wireline
competition
• Seamless mobility
• Office / Wide area roaming
• Home / Wide area roaming
New value chain &
business models
Increasing bandwidth for users and capacity for carriers3G vs. 4G 3G vs. 4G3G vs. 4G3G vs. 4G
„ „ 3G 3G
„ „ Predominantly voice drivenPredominantly voice driven - -
data was always add on data was always add on
„ „ Wide area cell Wide area cell- -basedbased
„ „ Back compatible to 2G.Back compatible to 2G.
„ „ 1800 1800- -2400 MHz2400 MHz
„ „ W W- -CDMA, 1xRTT, EdgeCDMA, 1xRTT, Edge
Access technology Access technology
„ „ FEC Convolutional rate 1/2,FEC Convolutional rate 1/2,
1/3
„ „ 4G 4G
„ „ Converged data and voice overConverged data and voice over
IP IP
„ „ HybridHybrid - - Integration ofIntegration of
Wireless LAN ( Wireless LAN (WiFi WiFi,,
Bluetooth) and wide areaBluetooth) and wide area
„ „ Extend 3G capacity by oneExtend 3G capacity by one
order of magnitude. order of magnitude.
„ „ Higher frequency bands 2 Higher frequency bands 2- -88
GHz GHz
„ „ OFDM and MC OFDM and MC- -CDMA (MultiCDMA (Multi
Carrier CDMA)Carrier CDMA)
„ „ Concatenated coding schemeConcatenated coding scheme
1/3 3G vs. 4G 3G vs. 4G
„ „ Circuit and packetCircuit and packet
switched networks.switched networks.
„ „ Combination of existingCombination of existing
& evolved equipment.& evolved equipment.
„ „ Data rate (up to 2Mbps).Data rate (up to 2Mbps).
„ „ Optimized antennaOptimized antenna
design, multi design, multi- -bandband
adapters adapters
„ „ A number of air linkA number of air link
protocols, including IPprotocols, including IP
5.0
„ „ Entirely packet switchedEntirely packet switched
networks.networks.
„ „ All network elements areAll network elements are
digital.digital.
„ „ Higher bandwidth (up toHigher bandwidth (up to
100Mbps).100Mbps).
„ „ Smarter Antennas,Smarter Antennas,
software multiband andsoftware multiband and
wideband radioswideband radios
„ „ All IP (IP6.0) All IP (IP6.0)
5.0ChallengesChallenges
& &
Needs NeedsChallenges in the Migration to
4G Mobile SystemsChallenges in the Migration to
4G Mobile SystemsChallenges in the Migration to
4G Mobile SystemsWhat is needed to Build 4GWhat is needed to Build 4G
Networks of Future?Networks of Future?
„ „ Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives
„ „ More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators AroundMore Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around
the World the World
„ „ More Academic Research More Academic Research
„ „ Standardization of wireless Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulationnetworks in terms of modulation
techniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolutetechniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolute
necessity for 4G necessity for 4G
„ „ A Voice A Voice- -independent Business Justification Thinking independent Business Justification Thinking
„ „ Integration Across Different Network Topologies Integration Across Different Network Topologies
„ „ Non Non- -disruptive Implementation disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move: 4G must allow us to move
from 3G to 4G from 3G to 4G4G networks 4G networks
(Models, features, air interface) (Models, features, air interface)HAPS
Services
Content
GSM
UMTS
WLAN
Bluetooth
Satellite
Wireline or Wireless
Networks
(Internet)
ADSL
The 4G mobile network(s)
Very wide
area
Wide area Metropolitan area Local area
Personal
area
Direct Sequence
Frequency
Hopping
WCDMA
TD-CDMA
TDMA
FDD
OFDM
TDD OFDM UnspecifiedLayered structure for 4G4G features 4G features
The 4g mobile networks could be systems:
„ Horizontal communications between different access technology
including cellular, cordless, wlan, short-range connectivity, and
wired
„ A common platform to complement other services Connection
through a common, flexible, seamless, IP-based core network
„ Advanced media access technology that connects the core
network to different access technologies
„ Global roaming and interworking between different access
technologies; both horizontal (intrasystem) and vertical
(intersystem) handover.
„ Seamless service negotiation including mobility, security, and
QoS4G Air Interface 4G Air Interface
„ „ Higher bit rates than 3GHigher bit rates than 3G
„ „ ( (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps 20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps) )
„ „ Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bitHigher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit
than 3G than 3G
„ „ Air interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic Air interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic
„ „ Adaptive modulation/coding with power control,Adaptive modulation/coding with power control,
hybrid ARQ hybrid ARQ4G Air Interface 4G Air Interface
„ „ Smaller cells, on average, than 3GSmaller cells, on average, than 3G
„ „ However, cell size will be made as large as possible via:However, cell size will be made as large as possible via:
„ „ High power base station to boost downlink range High power base station to boost downlink range
„ „ AsymmetryAsymmetry - - used to boost uplink range when necessary used to boost uplink range when necessary
„ „ Adaptive antennas option Adaptive antennas option
„ „ Higher frequency band than 3G (below 5 GHzHigher frequency band than 3G (below 5 GHz
preferred) preferred)
„ „ RF channel bandwidths of 20 MHz and higher RF channel bandwidths of 20 MHz and higher
„ „ Frequency Domain methods: Frequency Domain methods:
„ „ OFDM is promising for downlink OFDM is promising for downlinkIndustry Initiatives Industry InitiativesIndustry Initiatives Industry Initiatives
„ „ WWRF WWRF (Wireless World Research Forum) (Wireless World Research Forum)- -
consisting of Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia andconsisting of Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia and
Siemens have started a research forum for 4GSiemens have started a research forum for 4G
„ „ NTTNTT DoCoMo DoCoMo has started has started conceptual (we meanconceptual (we mean
paper) design of a 4G network paper) design of a 4G networkThe WWRF multi The WWRF multi- -sphere concept sphere conceptWWRF WWRF
„ The result of an EC 5 the FW project IST
„ Based initially in the work of 4 major players in the
European mobile industry in WSI project
„ And Collaboration of other research institutes.
„ 4 groups
„ User's view
„ Applications and services
„ Technologies
„ Spectrum
„ http://www.ist-wsi.orgTransmissionTransmission
Technology Technology4G Transmission Protocols
„ OFDM: OFDM is a digital modulation technology in which in
one time symbol waveform, thousands of orthogonal waves are
multiplexed. This is good for high bandwidth digital data
transition.
„ W-OFDM: W-OFDM enables data to be encoded on multiple
high-speed radio frequencies concurrently. This allows for
greater security, increased amounts of data being sent, and the
industries most efficient use of bandwidth. W-OFDM enables
the implementation of low power multipoint RF networks that
minimize interference with adjacent networks. This enables
independent channels to operate within the same band allowing
multipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systems to be
overlaid in the same frequency band.4G Transmission Protocols
„ MC-CDMA : MC-CDMA is actually OFDM
with a CDMA overlay. Similar to single-carrier
CDMAsystems, the users are multiplexed with
orthogonal codes to distinguish users in (multi-
carrier) MC-CDMA. However in MC-CDMA,
each user can be allocated several codes, where
the data is spread in time or frequency.4G Transmission Protocols
„ LAS-CDMA LinkAir Communications is developer of
LAS-CDMA (Large Area Synchronized Code Division
Multiple Access) a patented 4G wireless technology.
LAS-CDMA enables high-speed data and increases
voice capacity and latest innovative solution, CDD,
merges the highly spectral efficient LAS-CDMA
technology with the superior data transmission
characteristics of TDD. This resulting combination
makes CDD the most spectrally efficient, high-capacity
duplexing system available today.Some results Some resultsConclusion Conclusion
„ 4G can be imagined of as an integrated wireless
system that enables seamless roaming between
technologies.
„ A promising 4G can supportinteractiveinteractive
multimedia services with wider bandwidths, andmultimedia services with wider bandwidths, and
higher bit rates.higher bit rates.
„ „ 4G still to come. 4G still to come.HW HW
„ „ Define the 4G, its motivation, new things, andDefine the 4G, its motivation, new things, and
main 4G network features and compare it tomain 4G network features and compare it to
3G. 3G.
„ „ What is WWRF? And what are its objectives?What is WWRF? And what are its objectives?
What is the WSI (Wireless Strategic Initiative)What is the WSI (Wireless Strategic Initiative)
project ? And what are theproject ? And what are the WSI WSI’ ’s s projectproject
objective? objective?References References
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Q&A Q&A’ ’s s